Society and Cultural Issues Practice Test

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• Which of the following is NOT an example of non-material culture?
• Which term describes judging another culture solely by the values of your own culture?
• How does intersectionality influence policy design?
• What is cultural relativism and why is it important in analyzing social practices?
• Which term refers to collectives of non-whites who share certain physical, cultural, language, or geographic origins and/or features?
• Which Cross et al. skill area is most closely associated with recognizing and accepting cultural differences in clients without imposing the practitioner’s own values?
• Stereotypes influence daily interactions and institutional practices in which ways?
• What is a risk associated with cultural homogenization in a globalized world?
• How do ethnicity, nationality, gender, and sexuality interact to shape an individual's social identity in contemporary society?
• Which of the following factors contribute to disparities in educational access and outcomes?
• Which approach is recommended when addressing cultural differences in counseling, to ensure responsiveness to clients?
• Which factors shape policies on contraception and abortion?
• All of the following are reasons community facilities and services are underutilized by culturally diverse clients EXCEPT:
• Which policy best promotes sustainable food systems in the context of globalization?
• What is neoliberalism and how can it affect welfare state and social inequality?
• Which term describes the unearned advantages afforded to Whites in society?
• Which term best describes evaluating other cultures using the standards of one's own culture?
• Which statement best describes intersectionality?
• Which of the following is the fastest growing racial minority in the United States?
• What challenges do indigenous languages face in modern societies, and measures support language revival and education?
• In the framework put forth by Rowe, Behrens, and Leach for understanding how white European Americans think about race and racial differences, the ________ racial attitude types are the most changeable.
• What is the core idea of labeling theory regarding deviance?
• Which agent of socialization is primarily responsible for shaping early norms and values in a child?
• Which statement most accurately describes racial microaggressions?
• Which approach helps public health campaigns address inequities without stigmatization?
• Which statement best represents the major determinants of health disparities?
• Which statement best describes just adaptation to climate change?
• Achieving cultural competence requires open and honest discussion among diverse populations. Which of the following is NOT one of the recommended guidelines for such discussions?
• Which statement best defines cultural capital and its role in social mobility?
• Which statement describing the meeting of providers and clients from culturally diverse backgrounds is FALSE?
• The SPLC reported 437 intimidation incidents targeting which groups?
• The tendency to stick to your in-group, where you are most comfortable, often leads to ________.
• Which of the following statements accurately describes Human Services training programs and ethical standards?
• How can a therapist's racial identity affect therapy with diverse clients?
• How does gender socialization shape behavior and expectations in society?
• In sociology, what roles do power and ideology play in shaping culture and social norms?
• What is social capital?
• Which statement best reflects trends in modern family structures?
• Which policy promotes inclusive cities in housing markets?
• What is secularization, and how can societies balance freedom of religion with pluralistic civic life?
• When clients experience their service providers as being therapeutically present with them, it influences the ________ system, causing them to feel safer within the therapeutic relationship.
• What is a common reaction when individuals acknowledge white privilege?
• What describes the concept of food justice most accurately?
• What is intangible cultural heritage?
• How do cultural relativism and ethnocentrism differ in evaluating social practices, and why is this distinction important in diverse societies?
• Which factors contribute to social trust and social cohesion?
• Family forms vary across cultures and modern trends include single-parent, cohabiting, and diverse LGBTQ+ families. Which statement is accurate?
• A cultural ally is:
• Which term refers to the manipulation of societal foundations to give preferences and advantages to whites and at the same time restrict the choices, rights, mobility, and access to people of color?
• Which of the following statements accurately describes power in a helping relationship?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of Hays' ADDRESSING framework?
• How does the process of racialization operate in everyday institutions, and what impacts does it have on opportunities and outcomes?
• What is intersectionality, and how does it inform analyses of gender inequality?
• Explain the concept of deviance as a social control mechanism.
• Which is an implication of delayed marriage and diverse family forms?
• How do migration and refugee movements shape cultural landscapes?
• Which statement accurately links environmental issues with social inequality?
• Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social position across generations. Which of the following statements is true?
• What strategies are used to prevent ethnic conflicts and promote reconciliation, and what factors determine success?
• Explain the concept of social construct of reality and give an example.
• How does media representation influence public perception of social groups?
• Joe is a middle-class white provider of human services. Considering only the demographics of the clients below, with whom will Joe most easily build a good working relationship?
• Which statement best describes the role of symbols in culture?
• What factors contribute to the success of social movements, including the impact of digital tools?
• Which theory regarding the psychological motivation behind prejudice and racism could also be known as the kick-the-dog theory?
• According to Celia Fisher, _______ is comprised of multicultural ethical commitment, multicultural ethical awareness, and goodness-of-fit ethics and multicultural ethical decision making.
• Which measures support indigenous language revival and education?
• Which statement best describes how laws influence behavior?
• Which option represents a key challenge in asylum policies?
• Mainstream agencies may inadvertently make clients feel unwelcome. Which option best reflects this issue?
• The majority of human service agencies today would be classified into which category on the continuum of cultural competence in agencies (developed by Cross et al.)?
• Which policy promotes accessibility most effectively?
• What policy implications arise from aging populations?
• What is urbanization and what social challenges does it create?
• Which statement accurately reflects current status of the Council for Standards in Human Service Education (CSHSE) with respect to cultural competency standards?
• When culturally diverse behavior is assessed in relation to one's own cultural standards, it is considered ________ thinking.
• What changes in attitudes have disability rights advocacy contributed to?
• Arrendondo et al. defined three general characteristics of culturally skilled counselors. Which is NOT one of them?
• Which policy would best address vulnerabilities in precarious work?
• Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism: which statement best captures ethnocentrism?
• How do functionalist and conflict theory differ in explaining social inequality?
• Which statement would NOT describe cross-cultural helping according to Pederson et al.'s definition?
• How does language shape power dynamics in society, and what are the implications for linguistic minorities?
• Which components comprise welfare state design?
• Which scenario illustrates de facto segregation?
• Describe the role of education systems in reproducing or challenging inequality.
• Which of the following statements about white privilege is FALSE?
• What is gender pay gap and common explanations?
• Which statement reflects the social model of disability?
• What is the significance of race and ethnicity in identity formation and social dynamics?
• How can social norms adapt during crises, and what are potential consequences?
• Differentiate between assimilation, integration, and multiculturalism in migration policy, and discuss potential societal outcomes of each approach.
• Which statement best captures the role of state and religion in secularization within critical approaches?
• Which statement defines racism as 'prejudice plus power'?
• Pinderhughes et al. describe four different systems of psychological dynamics that influence cross-cultural work and the relationship between client and practitioner. Of these, which is connected to processes, both conscious and unconscious, that satisfy a fundamental need for historical connection and security?
• What is a core characteristic of neoliberal reforms in welfare policy?
• Throughout U.S. history, white men took control of Native American land and its resources to use for their own benefit. This act is called ________.
• In many ways, ________ racism is far more insidious than ________ racism because it is embedded in bylaws, rules, practices, procedures, and organizational culture.
• Which president's election was followed by 437 intimidation incidents in the six days after the vote, according to the SPLC?
• How do demographic transitions (birth rates, aging) impact society?
• In the debate between universalism and cultural relativism, which statement best captures the tension?
• What is the role of religion in society and how is secularization changing religious influence?
• Which term describes the systemic advantage that whites possess in many social contexts?
• How do social movements typically mobilize resources to influence policy?
• Which statement about the term "culturally diverse" is FALSE?
• How do languages influence cultural identity and social inclusion?
• Which of the following is NOT typically included as a reconciliation approach for indigenous rights?
• What is a dependency ratio and why does it matter for social policy?
• Which term describes a fixed, simplistic belief about all members of a group that ignores individual differences?
• Which hashtag movement was created in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin's murderer?
• The dramatic changes in U.S. demographics are due to increased immigration and birthrates. Currently, approximately one-third of all immigrants are from ________.
• What is the role of media literacy in relation to frames and agenda setting?
• Which practice is central to mitigating misinformation and bias through media literacy?
• Tracking curricula tend to do what in relation to disparities?
• What is an example of cultural diffusion?
• Without the existence of some form of ________, an individual's potential for racism remains largely dormant.
• Which statement accurately reflects the role of religion in public policy?
• Which statement best defines environmental racism in urban planning?
• Which of the following statements about introducing the topic of race and ethnicity into therapeutic discussions is FALSE?
• Which statement best describes universalist human rights principles in policy debates?
• What is a central reason scholars emphasize intangible cultural heritage in rapidly changing societies?
• Which policy statement in education debates affects learning outcomes and equity?
• Past experiences with the system may lead to what attitude among culturally diverse clients?
• What is food justice, and how do structural inequalities influence access to nutritious food?
• Which issues are central to debates on sexual and reproductive rights?
• Which statement about discrimination guidelines in professional human service organizations is accurate?
• How do laws and policy influence social behavior and inequality?
• How does technology affect social interaction and community life?
• What is the primary goal of cultural competence in counseling?
• Rankism refers to abuse and discrimination based on power differences between being a 'somebody' and a 'nobody'.
• Which statement describes how media representation can influence policy?
• In meetings between providers and culturally diverse clients, which feelings may be present?
• Which describes the impact of gendered divisions of labor on contemporary economies?
• Which term best describes everyday, subtle biases and prejudices directed at people of color?
• Environmental racism describes which phenomenon?
• Which elements typically constitute cultural capital that aid social mobility?
• Which policy measures are most effective in closing the gender pay gap?
• Hays' ADDRESSING framework emphasizes cultural influences that affect individuals and make them ________.
• What best defines cultural hybridity in a globalized world?
• Which policy approach helps reduce health inequities by addressing social determinants?
• Weinstein and Mellen defined the term ________ as "an undifferentiated, simplistic attribution that involves a judgment of habits, traits, abilities, or expectations... assigned as a characteristic of all members of a group."
• What is the difference between assimilation and multiculturalism in immigration contexts?
• Which statement best describes the impact of language on access to education for linguistic minorities?
• In immigrant adaptation, which statement correctly differentiates assimilation, acculturation, and acculturative stress?
• Which combination best explains how stereotypes form and persist, and what interventions reduce prejudice?
• Which of the following is not one of Pinderhughes' four systems of psychological dynamics?
• Soft power is best described as which form of influence?
• Consider Cross et al.'s skills for effective cross-cultural service delivery. What skill is a human service practitioner using when she seeks to know what symbols her clients finds meaningful, how they define health, and how their primary support networks are configured?
• Which approach best avoids stigmatizing health messages while reducing inequities?
• Explain cultural diffusion and give an example.
• Cross at al. believed a culturally competent care system must rest on a set of assumptions about how services are best delivered to people of color. Cross called these assumptions ________.
• Which policy best promotes local resilience in the context of globalization?
• The DSM-5 has been criticized for its insensitivity to issues of culture and ethnicity.
• Yael is Lithuanian and lives in New Jersey as a member of the cultural majority. What term best describes Yael's cultural group?
• Which of the following statements is FALSE?
• Which statement best describes social welfare regimes?
• Which statement reflects a recommended practice regarding discussing ethnicity in treatment?
• Which agent of socialization is primarily responsible for transmitting culture to children?
• What is intersectionality and how does it affect analyses of identity and inequality?
• Which approach best protects cultural diversity in a globalized world?
• Which factor most influences long-term economic mobility when considering welfare design?
• What is the central concern of climate justice as it relates to policy?
• What are the main types of social mobility and factors that enable or hinder it?
• Which combination best addresses the digital divide?
• Which reforms are commonly implemented to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in policing and sentencing?
• Two qualities critical to one's pursuit of cultural competence are self-honesty and ________.
• What is a key demonstration of soft power in international relations?
• In working with culturally diverse clients, the ________ is especially critical.
• Which policy is NOT typically used to address aging populations?
• Which policy best supports ongoing skill development for both older adults and the broader workforce?
• What are critical approaches to analyzing religion and secularization?
• Which term did Cross use for the guiding beliefs that should unify a culturally competent care system?
• How does social stigma affect individuals in marginalized groups?
• What is social stratification, and what mechanisms typically maintain inequality across societies?
• Paniagua suggests that service providers develop a strong therapeutic relationship on three different levels. Which level includes the client's and therapist's perception of sincerity, openness, honest, motivation, and empathy?
• Consider the continuum of cultural competence in agencies developed by Cross et al. What level of cultural competence would be assigned to an agency that tries to be unbiased in its approach by asserting that race and culture make no difference in how they provide services, but then applies a dominant cultural approach to all clients?
• What is ageism in social terms?
• Research has shown that, on average, clients who generally perceived their counselors as multiculturally competent reported no improvement to their psychological well-being after _______ sessions.
• Which statement best describes effective risk communication campaigns?
• In Pederson et al.'s cross-cultural helping model, the process should be continually adapted to what?
• Body politics involves regulation of bodies through which domains?
• Which strategy supports language preservation and revitalization?
• Which of the following are social determinants of health?
• Which of the following is not listed as a determinant of health disparities?
• Which statement is NOT one of the universal psychological characteristics shared by ethnically and culturally diverse clients?
• Culture is best described as
• Which description best matches how most professional organizations define culturally competent services?
• A large supermarket chain advertises a sale on turkeys, stuffing mixes, and pumpkin-flavored desserts with the tagline "Everything for your Thanksgiving feast!" This is an example of ________.
• Which protection is part of a framework protecting civil liberties in the digital age?
• Which option best describes the function of culture in a society?
• Which outcome best promotes social trust in a diverse society?
• Ethnic and racial identification involves the ________ that individuals feel toward their cultural group of origin.
• Which statement captures the core difference between labeling theory and deterrence theory?
• Which concept is typically described as "the belief that one's own culture is superior and the practices of other cultures are judged accordingly"?
• How do urban planning decisions contribute to spatial inequality, and what planning approaches promote more equitable cities?
• Which statement best describes deviance and the labeling theory explanation of its social construction?
• Which term describes recognizing that cultural norms vary across contexts and groups and may be equally valid?
• Which term refers to any distinguishable group of people whose members share a common culture and see themselves as separate and different from the majority culture?
• Which statement is FALSE about discrimination experiences among cultures?
• Which factors influence voter turnout and political engagement in contemporary democracies?
• What is body politics and what does it study?
• In Celia Fisher's framework, which component is described as a commitment to ethical behavior across cultures?
• According to Rowe, Behrens, and Leach's framework, a person who opposed outright discrimination, but also opposed affirmative action would be classified as having a(n) ________ attitude.
• Acculturation is best described as which?
• What contributes to reducing misinformation online?
• How does patriarchy influence gender relations across cultures?
• Which statement best captures a core idea of critical race theory as presented in the material?
• Pamela Hays created her ADDRESSING framework in order to overcome the common pitfall of underemphasizing the variety of cultural influences or ________ that affect any given individual.
• Globalization contributes to both economic growth and rising inequality because it tends to do what?
• Approximately ________ percent of clients of color do not return for a second counseling session.
• How have disability rights movements influenced policy and societal attitudes toward accessibility and inclusion?
• What is a likely consequence of aging populations for pension and healthcare systems?
• Why is preserving intangible cultural heritage important in rapidly changing societies?
• Which of the following statements about critical race theory (CRT) is FALSE?
• Differentiate between ethnicity and race; are they socially constructed?
• Which of the following factors best explains why risk communication campaigns are effective?
• Which statement best describes the influence of youth subcultures on civic engagement?
• According to Helms' model of white racial identity development, which stage begins with the individual's internalization of the majority culture's view of people of color and the advantages of white privilege?
• A member of the dominant culture who works to reduce his or her own internalized prejudice and becomes a cultural ally is referred to as ________.
• Of Pinderhughes' four systems, which refers to an acquired social meaning in which biological differences have become markers for social status assignment?
• When clients interact with the system on their own terms and in light of their cultural values and needs, they experience what?
• Which factors contribute to the gender pay gap?
• What are the main types of power in society (e.g., coercive, soft power) and examples?
• Which mechanism describes how media frames shape public perception of social issues?
• Which of the following terms holds that culturally-based ethical challenges are always new and unique?
• How can globalization influence cultural change and identity?
• Which theory regarding the psychological motivation behind prejudice and racism refers to the persistent abuse and discrimination based on power differences of being a somebody or a nobody?
• Two dangers can arise when culturally diverse clients interact with well-trained system providers. One is dependence on others. What is the other potential danger?
• In what way can language policies affect social inclusion?
• In Celia Fisher's framework, which component refers to being aware of cultural dynamics in ethical decision making?
• Which is the primary agent of socialization?
• Which statement describes the potential societal outcome of multiculturalism in migration policy?
• Explain socialization and the roles of primary and secondary socialization with examples.
• De jure versus de facto segregation: which statement is accurate?
• Which of the following is NOT one of Cross' assumptions about a culturally competent care system?
• In a globalized world, which description captures cultural hybridity?
• How can tracking in education contribute to inequality?
• What is social capital, and how do trust and networks influence social cohesion and resilience?